Canada: Heavy-Duty Engines & Vehicles
Heavy-Duty Engines
Diesel Engines. The On-Road Vehicle and Engine Emission Regulations (SOR/2003-2) [3289] introduced two sets of emisison standards for heavy-duty diesel truck and bus engines, that are harmonized with the US standards:
- Phase 1 standards—equivalent to US 2004 standards—apply starting with the 2004 model year. As with the US EPA, there are two options for NOx+NMHC limits and tighter standards for urban busses.
- Phase 2 standards—equivalent to US 2007 standards—apply starting with the 2007 model year.
In the USA, the Phase 2 NMHC, CO and PM standards apply in 2007 and the NOx standard is phased-in from 2007 to 2010. In the case of a standard that is set out in the US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) to be phased in over a period of time, the standard comes into effect in Canada in the model year for which the CFR specifies that the standard applies to 100% of that class, and continues to apply until another standard comes into effect that applies to 100% of that class. This creates a difference in Canadian and US standards during this phase in period.
There are no emission averaging, banking and trading options for heavy-duty engines in Canada.
Otto Engines. The standards for heavy-duty Otto cycle engines are outlined below. Phase 2 standards are the same as those for heavy-duty diesel engines and apply in 2008. As with the heavy-duty diesel engine standards, the NOx standards in the USA are phased in and apply to 100% of engines in 2010. Similar comments apply here as those noted above for heavy-duty diesel engines during this phase-in period.
| GVWR kg (lb) | NOx | NMHC | NOx + NMHC | CO | PM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-2005 | ≤ 6,350 (14,000) | 4.0 | 1.1 | - | 14.4 | - |
| > 6,350 (14,000) | 4.0 | 1.9 | - | 37.1 | - | |
| Phase 1 (2005) | ≤ 6,350 (14,000) | - | - | 1.0 | 14.4 | - |
| > 6,350 (14,000) | - | - | 1.0 | 37.1 | - | |
| Phase 2 (2008 - 2010) | ≥ 3,856 (8,500) | 0.2 | 0.14 | - | 14.4 | 0.01 |
Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles. A complete heavy-duty vehicle is one with a gross vehicle weight rating of 6350 kg (14,000 pounds) or less and that is powered by an Otto-cycle engine and with the load carrying device or container attached after it leaves the control of the manufacturer. As with the US EPA requirements, Phase 1 standards apply starting in the 2005 model year. Because the Phase 2 standards are phased in during 2008 in the USA and apply to 100% of US vehicles only in 2009, similar comments to those made previously for heavy-duty diesel engines apply. The standards for these vehicles are outlined in the following table:
| GVWR kg (lb) | NOx | NMHC | HCHO | CO | PM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 (2005) | 3,856 - 4,536 (8,500 - 10,000) | 0.9 | 0.28 | - | 7.3 | - |
| 4,536 - 6,350 (10,000 - 14,000) | 1 | 0.33 | - | 8.1 | - | |
| Phase 2 (2008 - 2009) | 3,856 - 4,536 (8,500 - 10,000) | 0.2 | 0.195 | 0.032 | 7.3 | 0.02 |
| 4,536 - 6,350 (10,000 - 14,000) | 0.4 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 8.1 | 0.02 |
Heavy-Duty Vehicles. On-road heavy-duty vehicles other than complete heavy-duty vehicles must meet the heavy-duty engine requirements for the particular engine installed in that vehicle. Alternatively, heavy-duty diesel vehicles of 6,350 kg (14,000 lb) GVWR or less can conform to the standards for complete heavy-duty vehicles.
Starting with model year 2018, Class 2B and Class 3 vehicles are subject to the Tier 3 standards for light-duty vehicles.
There are no emission averaging, banking and trading options for heavy-duty vehicles or complete heavy-duty vehicles in Canada.
Heavy-Duty GHG Emissions
The Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations (SOR/2013-24) were published in the Canada Gazette, Part II, on 2013.03.13 with the objective of reducing GHG emissions by establishing emission standards for heavy-duty vehicles and engines in alignment with the corresponding US EPA Phase 1 emission standards. These regulations apply to companies that manufacture or import new on-road heavy-duty vehicles and engines for sale in Canada. The GHG emission standards apply to model year 2014 and later vehicles and engines and reach full stringency with model year 2018. They apply to the entire range of on-road heavy-duty vehicles, from full-size pick-up trucks and vans to transport tractors manufactured primarily for hauling trailers, including a wide variety of specialized (vocational) vehicles, such as school, transit and intercity buses, and freight, delivery, service, cement, garbage and dump trucks [3529].
On 2018.05.30, the publication of Regulations Amending the Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations and Other Regulations Made Under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999: (SOR/2018-98) harmonized Canadian requirements with the EPA Phase 2 regulations [3530]. These regulations introduce more stringent GHG emission standards that begin with the 2021 model year for on-road heavy-duty vehicles and engines and introduced new GHG emission standards that would apply to trailers starting with model year 2018 and hauled by on-road tractors. These emission standards for heavy-duty vehicles, engines and trailers would increase in stringency every three model years to the 2027 model year and maintain full stringency thereafter. Consistent with the U.S. EPA, the standards applying to trailers have been stayed [6362][6361].